Firmware vulnerabilities

Trezor Safe 3, Safe 5, and Safe 7 firmware contains a confirmation-binding flaw in the Ethereum sign_tx / sign_tx_eip1559 flow. For contract interactions, the device confirms only the initial calldata chunk while the signature commits to the full streamed calldata. An attacker could present calldata to a victim then supply a different tail that changes the signed transaction. Fixed in 70c9b0c.

The Tenda TX9 V22.03.02.20 firmware has a stack overflow vulnerability in the sub_42EA38 function of the file /goform/SetVirtualServerCfg.

The firmware update mechanism does not include cryptographic signature validation. This allows anyone with access to the firmware update capability to upload arbitrary files which can then lead to arbitrary code execution.

The web server binary /bin/httpd contains a hidden backdoor authentication mechanism in the login() function at 004c88b8. - The function contains a normal authentication path using MD5/hash-based password verification (prod_encode64/PasswordToMd5/check_rand_key). - After normal authentication fails, it calls GetValue("sys.rzadmin.password") to read a backdoor password from the device configuration. - It performs a direct strcmp() comparison (plaintext, not hashed) between the config value and the user-supplied password. A successful match grants role=2 (admin-level access) and creates a valid session. The rzadmin username is never checked — any username works with the backdoor

A Missing Required Cryptographic Step vulnerability has been identified in Moxa's embedded Linux firmware for industrial computers and controllers. This vulnerability represents an incomplete remediation of CVE-2026-0714. The firmware introduced TPM2 parameter encryption as a countermeasure against CVE-2026-0714. However, an omission in the authorization session configuration causes the parameter encryption to provide no effective protection. An attacker with invasive physical access to the device can still capture TPM communications on the SPI bus and derive the LUKS disk encryption key in plaintext. While successful exploitation results in full compromise of the encrypted disk volume, the attack requires invasive physical access, including opening the device and attaching external equipment to the SPI bus. Remote exploitation is not possible, and the attack does not affect any downstream systems.

ESF-IDF is the Espressif Internet of Things (IOT) Development Framework. In versions 5.2.6, 5.3.5, 5.4.4, 5.5.4, and 6.0, a NULL-pointer dereference exists in the WebSocket subprotocol-negotiation path of the esp_http_server component. While parsing the client-supplied Sec-WebSocket-Protocol request header during the WebSocket handshake, the tokenisation result is dereferenced without a NULL check, so a malformed header value can crash the server before any application-level authentication runs. This issue has been patched in versions 5.2.7, 5.3.6, 5.4.5, 5.5.5, and 6.0.1.

An OS Command Injection vulnerability in Ivanti Sentry before the R10.5.2, R10.6.2 and R10.7.1 versions allows a remote unauthenticated user to achieve root-level remote code execution

A logic flow weakness in Remote Access and Mobile Access certificate validation in deprecated IKEv1 key exchange allows an unauthenticated remote attacker to bypass user authentication and establish a remote access VPN connection without a valid user password.

A vulnerability in the CLI of Cisco Catalyst SD-WAN Controller, formerly SD-WAN vSmart, Cisco Catalyst SD-WAN Manager, formerly SD-WAN vManage, and Cisco Catalyst SD-WAN Validator, formerly SD-WAN vBond, could allow an authenticated, local attacker to execute arbitrary commands as root by supplying a crafted file to the affected system. This vulnerability is due to insufficient validation of user-supplied input. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by uploading a crafted file to the affected system. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to perform command injection attacks on an affected system and elevate their privileges as the root user. To exploit this vulnerability, the attacker must have netadmin privileges on the affected system. This would require valid credentials or exploitation of or . Cisco is not aware of successful exploitation by other methods. Cisco has observed limited cases where the exploitation of this bug resulted in a configuration change pushed to edge devices. Cisco recommends that customers upgrade to the fixed software that is documented in the that was published on May 14, 2026, and verify the configuration of the edge devices.

Memory corruption while using Strongbox due to buffer overflow.

Memory corruption while using Strongbox due to missing bounds check.

A malicious actor with access to the network could exploit an Improper Input Validation vulnerability found in UniFi OS devices to execute a Command Injection.

A malicious actor with access to the network could exploit a Path Traversal vulnerability found in UniFi OS devices to access files on the underlying system that could be manipulated to access an underlying account.

A malicious actor with access to the network could exploit an Improper Access Control vulnerability found in UniFi OS devices to make unauthorized changes to the system.

Authentication bypass vulnerabilities in the GlobalProtect portal and gateway of Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS® software allows the attacker to bypass security restrictions and establish an unauthorized VPN connection. Panorama and Cloud NGFW are not impacted by these issues.

Next.js is a React framework for building full-stack web applications. From 13.4.13 to before 15.5.16 and 16.2.5, self-hosted applications using the built-in Node.js server can be vulnerable to server-side request forgery through crafted WebSocket upgrade requests. An attacker can cause the server to proxy requests to arbitrary internal or external destinations, which may expose internal services or cloud metadata endpoints. Vercel-hosted deployments are not affected. This vulnerability is fixed in 15.5.16 and 16.2.5.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: comedi: me_daq: Fix potential overrun of firmware buffer `me2600_xilinx_download()` loads the firmware that was requested by `request_firmware()`. It is possible for it to overrun the source buffer because it blindly trusts the file format. It reads a data stream length from the first 4 bytes into variable `file_length` and reads the data stream contents of length `file_length` from offset 16 onwards. Although it checks that the supplied firmware is at least 16 bytes long, it does not check that it is long enough to contain the data stream. Add a test to ensure that the supplied firmware is long enough to contain the header and the data stream. On failure, log an error and return `-EINVAL`.

Penetration Testing engineers at Amazon have discovered a flaw where the camera system fails to properly handle data supplied in certain requests, causing a service disruption. The manufacturer has released patch firmware for the flaw, please refer to the manufacturer's report for details and workarounds.

A vulnerability in SenseLive X3050’s remote management service allows firmware retrieval and update operations to be performed without authentication or authorization. The service accepts firmware-related requests from any reachable host and does not verify user privileges, integrity of uploaded images, or the authenticity of provided firmware.

The Semtech LR11xx LoRa transceivers running early versions of firmware contains an information disclosure vulnerability in its firmware validation functionality. When a host issues a firmware validity check command via the SPI interface, the device decrypts the provided encrypted firmware package block-by-block to validate its integrity. However, the last decrypted firmware block remains uncleared in memory after the validation process completes. An attacker with access to the SPI interface can subsequently issue memory read commands to retrieve the decrypted firmware contents from this residual memory, effectively bypassing the firmware encryption protection mechanism. The attack requires physical access to the device's SPI interface.

Memory corruption when decoding corrupted satellite data files with invalid signature offsets.

A improper access control vulnerability in Fortinet FortiClientEMS 7.4.5 through 7.4.6 may allow an unauthenticated attacker to execute unauthorized code or commands via crafted requests.

A flaw has been found in Tenda AC5 15.03.06.47. This vulnerability affects the function formQuickIndex of the file /goform/QuickIndex of the component POST Request Handler. This manipulation of the argument PPPOEPassword causes stack-based buffer overflow. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit has been published and may be used.

A Missing Authentication for Critical Function vulnerability in Pharos Controls Mosaic Show Controller firmware version 2.15.3 could allow an unauthenticated attacker to bypass authentication and execute arbitrary commands with root privileges.

ipmi-oem in FreeIPMI before 1.6.17 has exploitable buffer overflows on response messages. The Intelligent Platform Management Interface (IPMI) specification defines a set of interfaces for platform management. It is implemented by a large number of hardware manufacturers to support system management. It is most commonly used for sensor reading (e.g., CPU temperatures through the ipmi-sensors command within FreeIPMI) and remote power control (the ipmipower command). The ipmi-oem client command implements a set of a IPMI OEM commands for specific hardware vendors. If a user has supported hardware, they may wish to use the ipmi-oem command to send a request to a server to retrieve specific information. Three subcommands were found to have exploitable buffer overflows on response messages. They are: "ipmi-oem dell get-last-post-code - get the last POST code and string describing the error on some Dell servers," "ipmi-oem supermicro extra-firmware-info - get extra firmware info on Supermicro servers," and "ipmi-oem wistron read-proprietary-string - read a proprietary string on Wistron servers."

A hardcoded cryptographic key within the configuration mechanism on TP-Link Archer NX200, NX210, NX500 and NX600 enables decryption and re-encryption of device configuration data. An authenticated attacker may decrypt configuration files, modify them, and re-encrypt them, affecting the confidentiality and integrity of device configuration data.

Improper input handling in a modem-management administrative CLI command on TP-Link Archer NX200, NX210, NX500 and NX600 allows crafted input to be executed as part of an operating system command. An authenticated attacker with administrative privileges may execute arbitrary commands on the operating system, impacting the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the device.

Improper input handling in a wireless-control administrative CLI command on TP-Link Archer NX200, NX210, NX500 and NX600 allows crafted input to be executed as part of an operating system command. An authenticated attacker with administrative privileges may execute arbitrary commands on the operating system, impacting the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the device.

A missing authentication check in the HTTP server on TP-Link Archer NX200, NX210, NX500 and NX600 to certain cgi endpoints allows unauthenticated access intended for authenticated users. An attacker may perform privileged HTTP actions without authentication, including firmware upload and configuration operations.

A vulnerability was identified in Yi Technology YI Home Camera 2 2.1.1_20171024151200. This impacts an unknown function of the file home/web/ipc of the component HTTP Firmware Update Handler. The manipulation leads to improper verification of cryptographic signature. The attack is possible to be carried out remotely. The complexity of an attack is rather high. The exploitability is said to be difficult. The exploit is publicly available and might be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.

A vulnerability was found in D-Link DNS-120, DNR-202L, DNS-315L, DNS-320, DNS-320L, DNS-320LW, DNS-321, DNR-322L, DNS-323, DNS-325, DNS-326, DNS-327L, DNR-326, DNS-340L, DNS-343, DNS-345, DNS-726-4, DNS-1100-4, DNS-1200-05 and DNS-1550-04 up to 20260205. This affects the function FMT_rebuild_diskmgr/FMT_create_diskmgr/ScanDisk_run_e2fsck of the file /cgi-bin/dsk_mgr.cgi. Performing a manipulation results in command injection. The attack is possible to be carried out remotely. The exploit has been made public and could be used.

A flaw has been found in D-Link DNS-120, DNR-202L, DNS-315L, DNS-320, DNS-320L, DNS-320LW, DNS-321, DNR-322L, DNS-323, DNS-325, DNS-326, DNS-327L, DNR-326, DNS-340L, DNS-343, DNS-345, DNS-726-4, DNS-1100-4, DNS-1200-05 and DNS-1550-04 up to 20260205. The affected element is the function cgi_myfavorite_add/cgi_myfavorite_set/cgi_myfavorite_del/cgi_myfavorite_set_sort_info/cgi_myfavorite_remove_apkg/cgi_myfavorite_compare_apkg/cgi_mycloud_auto_downlaod of the file /cgi-bin/gui_mgr.cgi. This manipulation of the argument f_user causes command injection. Remote exploitation of the attack is possible. The exploit has been published and may be used.

Improper privilege management in ThemeManager prior to SMR Mar-2026 Release 1 allows local privileged attackers to reuse trial contents.

Improper export of android application components in Secure Folder prior to SMR Mar-2026 Release 1 allows local attackers to launch arbitrary activity with Secure Folder privilege.

Improper verification of intent by broadcast receiver in Settings prior to SMR Mar-2026 Release 1 allows local attacker to launch arbitrary activity with Settings privilege. User interaction is required for triggering this vulnerability.

HMS Networks Ewon Flexy with firmware before 15.0s4, Cosy+ with firmware 22.xx before 22.1s6, and Cosy+ with firmware 23.xx before 23.0s3 have a stack buffer overflow that leads to a Denial of Service, which can also be exploited to achieve Unauthenticated Remote Code Execution.

An issue was discovered in Lantronix EDS5000 2.1.0.0R3. The HTTP RPC module executes a shell command to write logs when user's authantication fails. The username is directly concatenated with the command without any sanitization. This allow attackers to inject arbitrary OS commands into the username parameter. Injected commands are executed with root privileges.

Improper input validation in some UEFI firmware SMM module for the Intel(R) reference platforms may allow an escalation of privilege. System software adversary with a privileged user combined with a low complexity attack may enable local code execution. This result may potentially occur via local access when attack requirements are present without special internal knowledge and requires no user interaction. The potential vulnerability may impact the confidentiality (high), integrity (high) and availability (high) of the vulnerable system, resulting in subsequent system confidentiality (high), integrity (high) and availability (high) impacts.

An unauthenticated remote attacker can use firmware images to extract password hashes and brute force plaintext passwords of accounts with limited access.

In dumpBitmapsProto of ActivityManagerService.java, there is a possible way for an app to access private information due to a missing permission check. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.

In multiple functions of mem_protect.c, there is a possible way to execute arbitrary code due to a logic error in the code. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.

In multiple functions of ffa.c, there is a possible memory corruption due to a logic error in the code. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.

In multiple functions of mem_protect.c, there is a possible out of bounds write due to an integer overflow. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.

In __host_check_page_state_range of mem_protect.c, there is a possible out of bounds write due to an incorrect bounds check. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.

In __pkvm_host_share_guest of mem_protect.c, there is a possible out of bounds write due to an integer overflow. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.

In smmu_detach_dev of arm-smmu-v3.c, there is a possible out of bounds write due to a use after free. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with System execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.

In multiple locations, there is a possible out of bounds read and write due to a heap buffer overflow. This could lead to remote code execution with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.

Memory corruption while using alignments for memory allocation.

An issue was discovered in Tenda W20E V4.0br_V15.11.0.6. Attackers may exploit the vulnerability by specifying the value of `userInfo`. When `userInfo` is passed into the `addAuthUser` function and processed by `sscanf` without size validation, it could lead to buffer overflow.

An issue was discovered in Tenda W20E V4.0br_V15.11.0.6. Attackers may exploit the vulnerability by controlling the value of `nptr`. When this value is passed into the `getMibPrefix` function and concatenated using `sprintf` without proper size validation, it could lead to a buffer overflow vulnerability.